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Indian Ocean
Indian Ocean
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about the water body. For the Indian fusion music band, see Indian Ocean (band).
| Earth's oceans (World Ocean) |
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The Indian Ocean is the third largest of the world's oceanic divisions, covering approximately 20% of the water on theEarth's surface.[1] It is bounded on the north by the Indian subcontinent; on the west by East Africa; on the east byIndochina, the Sunda Islands, andAustralia; and on the south by theSouthern Ocean (or, depending on definition, by Antarctica). It is the only ocean to be named after a country,India.[2][3][4]
As one component of the interconnectedglobal ocean, the Indian Ocean is delineated from the Atlantic Ocean by the 20° east meridian running south fromCape Agulhas, and from the Pacific by the meridian of 146°55' east.[5] The northernmost extent of the Indian Ocean is approximately 30° north in thePersian Gulf. The Indian Ocean has asymmetric ocean circulation[citation needed]. This ocean is nearly 10,000 kilometres (6,200 mi) wide at the southern tips of Africa and Australia; its area is 73,556,000 square kilometres (28,350,000 sq mi),[6] including the Red Seaand the Persian Gulf.
The ocean's volume is estimated to be 292,131,000 cubic kilometres (70,086,000 mi3).[7] Small islands dot the continental rims. Island nationswithin the ocean are Madagascar, the world's fourth largest island; Reunion Island; Comoros; Seychelles; Maldives; Mauritius; and Sri Lanka. The archipelago of Indonesia borders the ocean on the east.
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[edit]Geography
The African, Indian, and Antarctic crustal plates converge in the Indian Ocean at the Rodrigues Triple Point. Their junctures are marked by branches of the mid-oceanic ridge forming an inverted Y, with the stem running south from the edge of the continental shelf near Mumbai,India. The eastern, western, and southern basins thus formed are subdivided into smaller basins by ridges.
The ocean's continental shelves are narrow, averaging 200 kilometres (125 mi) in width. An exception is found off Australia's western coast, where the shelf width exceeds 1,000 kilometres (600 mi). The average depth of the ocean is 3,890 metres (12,760 ft). Its deepest point, 7258 meters deep, is in the Java Trench.[8] North of 50° south latitude, 86% of the main basin is covered bypelagic sediments, of which more than half is globigerina ooze. The remaining 14% is layered with terrigenoussediments. Glacial outwash dominates the extreme southern latitudes.
The major choke points include Bab el Mandeb, Strait of Hormuz, the Lombok Strait, the Strait of Malacca and the Palk Strait. Seas include Gulf of Aden, Andaman Sea, Arabian Sea, Bay of Bengal,Great Australian Bight, Laccadive Sea, Gulf of Mannar, Mozambique Channel, Gulf of Oman, Persian Gulf, Red Sea, and other tributary water bodies. It is artificially connected to the Mediterranean Sea via the Suez Canal, accessible via the Red Sea.
[edit]Limits
Main article: Borders of the oceans#Indian Ocean
[edit]Climate
The climate north of the equator is affected by a monsoonclimate. Strong north-east winds blow from October until April; from May until October south and west winds prevail. In the Arabian Sea the violent Monsoon brings rain to the Indian subcontinent. In the southern hemisphere the winds are generally milder, but summer storms near Mauritius can be severe. When the monsoon winds change, cyclones sometimes strike the shores of the Arabian Sea and theBay of Bengal. The Indian Ocean is the warmest ocean in the world.
Seikh hasina
Sheikh Hasina
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
"Hasina" redirects here. For the Kannada film, see Hasina (film).
| Sheikh Hasina Wazed শেখ হাসিনা ওয়াজেদ | |
 | |
| Incumbent | |
| Assumed office 6 January 2009 | |
| President | Iajuddin Ahmed Zillur Rahman |
|---|---|
| Preceded by | Fakhruddin Ahmed (Acting) |
| In office 23 June 1996 – 15 July 2001 | |
| President | Shahabuddin Ahmed |
| Preceded by | Muhammad Habibur Rahman (Acting) |
| Succeeded by | Latifur Rahman (Acting) |
| Born | 28 September 1947 Tungipara, East Bengal (nowBangladesh) |
| Political party | Awami League Grand Alliance (2008–present) |
| Spouse(s) | Wazed Miah (1968–2009) |
| Children | Sajeeb Wazed Saima Wazed Putul |
| Alma mater | Eden Girls' College, Bangladesh University of Dhaka |
| Religion | Islam |
Sheikh Hasina Wazed (Bengali: শেখ হাসিনা ওয়াজেদ Shekh Hasina Oajed) (born September 28, 1947) is a Bangladeshi politician and current Prime Minister of Bangladesh.[1] She has been the President of the Awami League, a major political party, since 1981. She is the eldest of five children of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, the founding father (and first president) ofBangladesh and widow of a reputed nuclear scientist, M. A. Wazed Miah. Sheikh Hasina's party defeated the BNP-led Four-Party Alliance in the 2008 parliamentary elections, thus assuring her of the post of prime minister. Sheikh Hasina has once before held the office, from 1996 to 2001.
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[edit]Early life
Sheikh Hasina's political career started as a student activist in Eden College in the 1960s. While at College, she was elected vice president of the College Students Union for the term 1966–67. Her opponent was the leftist student leader Matia Chowdhury, who much later joinedAwami League and became a member of Hasina'scabinet.
At the University of Dhaka Sheikh Hasina was a member of the Chhatra League (the student wing of Awami League) and secretary of its Rokeya Hall unit. During theliberation war in 1971, Hasina, then a young mother, was held under house arrest with her mother, brothers, sister and her son. Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was imprisoned in West Pakistan during this period. After liberation, Hasina's involvement in politics was minimal as Sheikh Kamal, her brother, was touted as Mujib's successor.
[edit]Member of the National Assembly
Her political and personal destiny was irrevocably altered on the fateful night of August 15, 1975, when her father and almost her entire family, including her mother and three brothers, was assassinated in acoup d'état by a section of disgruntled officers of the Bangladesh Army, some of whom were freedom fighters during 1971.[2] Sheikh Hasina and her sister, Sheikh Rehana were on a goodwill tour of West Germany at that time. Hasina then sought refuge in United Kingdom and later, in India. She lived in exile in New Delhi, India until May 17, 1981 when she was allowed to return to Bangladesh.
[edit]Movement against autocracy
While living in self-exile in India, Sheikh Hasina was elected President of Bangladesh Awami Leaguein 1981. After she returned to the country, President Ziaur Rahman was assassinated in yet another coup in May, 1981. The following year, General Hossain Mohammad Ershad captured power through a bloodless coup and declared martial law. In 1983, Hasina formed the 15-party alliance to launch a movement to oust him from power. She was in and out of detention throughout the 1980s. Her party, along with the Bangladesh Nationalist Party, led by Ziaur Rahman's widow Khaleda Zia, was instrumental in the movement against the military rule. In 1984, Hasina was put under house arrest in February and then again in November. In March 1985, she was put under house arrest for three months.
In 1990, Hasina's 8-party alliance was instrumental along with another BNP-led alliance in finally removing the Ershad regime.
Under the leadership of Sheikh Hasina, Awami League formed an alliance with Ershad's Jayiya Party
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